A new scientific study has raised serious questions about the quality of the water millions of Nigerians consume daily, including those who rely on packaged water deemed safe. The research, carried out by Dr Otitoju Beulah of Redeemer’s University and the African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research, reveals that toxic industrial chemicals, pharmaceutical residues and bacteria are now widespread in many water sources across Lagos, Oyo and Osun states.
The findings show that these pollutants were detected not only in rivers and streams, but also in wells, boreholes, tap water and even sachet and bottled water. According to Otitoju, contamination worsens during the rainy season as runoff carries industrial waste, expired drugs, and household refuse into major and minor water bodies.
One of the most troubling aspects of the study is the discovery of dihydroxybenzenes—chemicals such as catechol and hydroquinone—commonly found in industrial effluents and pharmaceutical waste. These compounds, barely known to the general public, pose significant health dangers when consumed regularly.
The study warns that infants and toddlers face the highest risk. Due to their smaller body mass and higher water consumption relative to their size, young children are more vulnerable to non-carcinogenic effects of these pollutants. Adults are not spared, but the danger for children is “significantly higher,” Otitoju stressed.
Beyond chemicals, the research also highlights Nigeria’s long-standing battle with bacterial contamination. Poor waste management, characterised by open dumping, blocked drainage, and indiscriminate disposal, allows harmful microbes and toxic substances to seep into water sources. Experts say rapid urbanisation, weak regulation, and low public awareness make the situation even worse.
Environmental stakeholders warn that without vigorous enforcement of industrial discharge regulations, the problem will only grow. Nigeria currently lacks clear guidelines for many emerging contaminants, such as catechol, leading to fragmented monitoring and inconsistent reporting.
To protect households, Otitoju recommends low-cost, locally adaptable solutions including agricultural-waste filters, modified sand filters and solar disinfection units. Early trials, she noted, have shown promising results in reducing contamination and encouraging safer water practices within communities.
Water experts believe the findings should serve as a wake-up call for the government, regulators and citizens. “Safe water cannot wait,” Otitoju warned. “While long-term policies are being developed, families must be empowered with practical tools to protect themselves. Clean water is not just a development target. It is a matter of survival.”
